Device-Associated Infections

Device-associated infections are one of the most common and feared complications in medical practice. Treatment of medical device-associated infections is notoriously challenging, and recurrence is common. The main reason for this is that microorganisms adhere to the surface of medical devices and enter a biofilm state, where they exhibit distinct structural characteristics, growth rates, and microenvironments compared to planktonic organisms. Microorganisms in biofilms are less sensitive to antimicrobial agents and the host immune system compared to planktonic organisms. The biofilm structure itself, decreased growth rates, antimicrobial disrupting enzymes within the matrix, upregulation of stress response genes and horizontal shifts in antimicrobial resistance genes were all associated with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility.

Application of Biofilm in Medical Device Infection

Infections caused by biofilms on medical devices are highly recalcitrant and reproducible, hence the increasing interest in the study of biofilms and medical devices. For multiplexed medical devices, including tubular devices represented by endoscopes, any device with delicate components or that is difficult to clean and dry thoroughly is susceptible to biofilm growth. Once inserted into the body, biofilm-contaminated implants in most cases eventually require removal of the contaminated medical device. For example, the application of various medical endoscopes in clinical treatment is becoming more and more widespread, which has greatly improved the treatment technology. However, as an invasive medical device, endoscopes are inevitably contaminated by patients' body fluids and blood during the procedure. Therefore, it is critical to eliminate biofilm from medical devices.

Tables 1. Biofilm-associated infections

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• Application of Biofilms in Bacterial Infections
• Application of Biofilms in Cancer
• Application of Biofilm in Dermatology
• Application of Biofilms in Chronic Infectious Diseases
• Application of Biofilms in Blood Purification
• Application of Biofilms in Immunotherapy