The Role of Biofilms in Agriculture

• Microbial cells grown in biofilms are physiologically different from planktonic cells of the same organism, in contrast to planktonic cells, which are single cells that can float or swim in a liquid medium. Biofilm inoculum can be used to successfully establish introduced beneficial microorganisms. When biofilm is formed, high acidity inhibits pathogens. High acidity reflects the production of indoleacetic acid-like substances that can promote plant growth
• P. evergreeni and P. mycoides formed a biofilm inoculum that increased the biodegradation of degradable polyZene by P. evergreeni by 14%.
• The application of fungal rhizobia biofilm was reported to increase N₂ fixation in soybean by 30% compared with single inoculation of rhizobia.
• Co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting inter-rhizosphere bacteria and clumping mycorrhizal fungi produced the highest grain protein content in rainfed wheat fields compared to mono-culture.

How Do Biofilms Form?

• Microorganisms form biofilms in response to many factors, which may include
  1. Cellular recognition of surfaces. Specific or non-specific attachment sites on the surface
  2. Nutritional cues
  3. By exposing planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.

There are five stages of biofilm development in the following figures:

Application of Biofilm in Agriculture

• Microorganisms attached to contaminated soil and aquatic sediment particles help degrade soil contaminants resulting from the release of chemicals into the environment. Biofilm reactors are designed to promote the growth of microorganisms for the effective treatment of environmental wastes such as sewage, industrial waste streams or contaminated groundwater.
• Biofilms can also be used to produce a variety of biochemicals that can be purified for use as chemical additives in pharmaceuticals, food additives or cleaning products.
• Cellulolytic enzyme activity and production in biofilms are 40% and 55% higher than in planktonic cultures.
• Now beneficial biofilms have been found to be effective in reducing biocorrosion by inhibiting bacteria that corrode metals.

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